Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism was a trend among Western European communist parties in the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Italy, Spain and France. These parties distanced themselves from the Soviet model and committed to pluralist democracy, civil liberties and a gradual path to socialism.
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Supported national public ownership alongside strong municipal and regional government, as in Italy.
Committed to multiparty democracy and winning power through elections.
Accepted constitutional civil liberties and rejected Soviet-style repression.
Moderately internationalist, accepting European cooperation and some independence from Moscow.
Tended to favour détente, disarmament and opposition to bloc confrontation.
No distinctive integration policy; generally supported migrant workers' rights.
Sought extensive public ownership and redistribution while allowing a private sector.
Favoured strong state economic planning within a mixed economy.
Somewhat protective of national industry and sceptical of liberalised trade.
Secular, but sought a 'historic compromise' with Catholic voters and parties in Italy.
Supported reforms such as divorce and women's rights while courting broad electorates.
No distinctive view on technology; accepted industrial modernisation.