Deep Ecology
Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy, developed by Arne Næss, holding that all living beings have value independent of their usefulness to humans. It calls for a basic change in human lifestyles and a reduced human impact on the natural world.
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Favours small-scale, bioregional communities over large states.
Supports participation, though it is more a philosophy than a theory of government.
Little focus on civil liberties; some proponents accept strict limits to protect nature.
Sees ecological problems as planetary, needing cooperation beyond the nation.
Generally non-violent in principle and opposed to the destruction caused by war.
Internally split; some proponents have linked population growth to immigration, others reject this.
Critical of consumerism and accumulation, without a fixed property doctrine.
Expects strong limits on economic activity, without a settled view on how to impose them.
Favours local economies and reduced long-distance consumption.
Often draws on spiritual and religious traditions for its view of nature.
Neither progressive nor traditional; focused on non-human nature more than social issues.
Defined by scepticism of technological expansion and human domination of nature.