Bolivarianism
Bolivarianism is the political movement associated with Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, drawing on the legacy of Simón Bolívar. It combines left-wing populism, nationalisation of key resources, social programmes funded by oil revenue and Latin American anti-imperialism.
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Created local communal councils while concentrating power in the national executive.
Won repeated elections but weakened checks on executive power over time.
Expanded state control over media and security forces, especially in later years.
Promotes Latin American integration while stressing national sovereignty against US influence.
Gives the armed forces a large political and economic role.
Recognises indigenous and Afro-descendant identities in a pluricultural framework.
Nationalised oil and other sectors and funded broad social programmes.
Extensive state intervention, price controls and economic direction.
Protective of national resources and critical of free trade agreements with the US.
Uses Christian references in rhetoric while keeping a formally secular state.
Progressive on indigenous rights and poverty, more cautious on some social issues.
No strong position on technology; focus is on resources and social programmes.